第 1 篇 初识编程
第 1 章 编程体验 .............................................................................................................. 2
1.1 控制台程序 ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.1.1 构建开发环境 ........................................................................................................ 2
1.1.2 命令行构建 .NET 应用 ......................................................................................... 3
1.2 ASP.NET 应用 .................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.1 launchSettings.json ................................................................................................. 8
1.2.2 Minimal API ......................................................................................................... 11
1.2.3 中间件 ................................................................................................................. 13
1.2.4 配置选项 .............................................................................................................. 17
1.2.5 诊断日志 .............................................................................................................. 19
1.2.6 路由 ..................................................................................................................... 20
1.3 MVC ................................................................................................................................ 21
1.3.1 定义 Controller ..................................................................................................... 21
1.3.2 引入视图 .............................................................................................................. 22
1.4 gRPC ................................................................................................................................ 24
1.4.1 定义服务 .............................................................................................................. 24
1.4.2 实现和承载 .......................................................................................................... 26
1.4.3 调用服务 .............................................................................................................. 28
1.5 Dapr.................................................................................................................................. 29
1.5.1 构建开发环境 ...................................................................................................... 29
1.5.2 服务调用 .............................................................................................................. 30
1.5.3 状态管理 .............................................................................................................. 34
1.5.4 发布订阅 .............................................................................................................. 38
1.5.5 Actor 模型 ............................................................................................................ 40
第 2 篇 基础框架
第 2 章 依赖注入（上） ............................................................................................................. 44
2.1 控制反转 .......................................................................................................................... 44
2.1.1 流程控制的反转 .................................................................................................. 44
2.1.2 好莱坞法则 .......................................................................................................... 47
2.1.3 流程定制 .............................................................................................................. 47
2.2 IoC 模式 ........................................................................................................................... 48
2.2.1 模板方法 .............................................................................................................. 48
2.2.2 工厂方法 .............................................................................................................. 49
2.2.3 抽象工厂 .............................................................................................................. 51
2.3 依赖注入 .......................................................................................................................... 53
2.3.1 由容器提供对象 .................................................................................................. 53
2.3.2 3 种注入方式 ....................................................................................................... 55
2.3.3 Service Locator 模式 ............................................................................................ 57
2.4 一个简易版的依赖注入容器 ............................................................................................ 59
2.4.1 编程体验 .............................................................................................................. 59
2.4.2 设计与实现 .......................................................................................................... 63
2.4.3 扩展方法 .............................................................................................................. 69
第 3 章 依赖注入（下） ............................................................................................................. 73
3.1 利用容器提供服务 ........................................................................................................... 73
3.1.1 服务的注册与消费 ............................................................................................... 73
3.1.2 生命周期 .............................................................................................................. 76
3.1.3 服务注册的验证 .................................................................................................. 79
3.2 服务注册 .......................................................................................................................... 82
3.2.1 ServiceDescriptor .................................................................................................. 82
3.2.2 IServiceCollection ................................................................................................. 83
3.3 服务的消费 ...................................................................................................................... 87
3.3.1 IServiceProvider ................................................................................................... 87
3.3.2 服务实例的创建 .................................................................................................. 89
3.3.3 生命周期 .............................................................................................................. 91
3.3.4 ActivatorUtilities .................................................................................................. 96
3.4 扩展................................................................................................................................ 101
3.4.1 适配 ................................................................................................................... 101
3.4.2 IServiceProviderFactory ..................................................... 102
3.4.3 整合第三方依赖注入框架 ................................................................................. 102
第 4 章 文件系统 ......................................................................................................... 107
4.1 抽象的文件系统 ............................................................................................................. 107
4.1.1 树形层次结构 .................................................................................................... 107
4.1.2 读取文件内容 .................................................................................................... 109
4.1.3 监控文件的变化 ................................................................................................ 111
4.2 文件与目录 .................................................................................................................... 112
4.2.1 IChangeToken ..................................................................................................... 113
4.2.2 IFileProvider ....................................................................................................... 114
4.2.3 两个特殊的文件系统 ......................................................................................... 116
4.3 物理文件系统 ................................................................................................................ 119
4.3.1 PhysicalFileInfo .................................................................................................. 119
4.3.2 PhysicalDirectoryInfo ......................................................................................... 120
4.3.3 PhysicalDirectoryContents .................................................................................. 120
4.3.4 NotFoundDirectoryContents ............................................................................... 121
4.3.5 PhysicalFilesWatcher .......................................................................................... 121
4.4 内嵌文件系统 ................................................................................................................ 123
4.4.1 将项目文件变成内嵌资源 ................................................................................. 123
4.4.2 读取资源文件 .................................................................................................... 124
4.4.3 EmbeddedFileProvider ........................................................................................ 125
第 5 章 配置选项（上） ........................................................................................................... 128
5.1 读取配置信息 ................................................................................................................ 128
5.1.1 编程模型三要素 ................................................................................................ 128
5.1.2 以“键-值”对的形式读取配置 ........................................................................ 129
5.1.3 读取结构化的配置 ............................................................................................ 130
5.1.4 将结构化配置直接绑定为对象 .......................................................................... 133
5.1.5 将配置定义在文件中 ......................................................................................... 133
5.1.6 根据环境动态加载配置文件 ............................................................................. 134
5.1.7 配置内容的同步 ................................................................................................ 136
5.2 配置模型 ........................................................................................................................ 137
5.2.1 数据结构及其转换 ............................................................................................. 137
5.2.2 IConfiguration .................................................................................................... 138
5.2.3 IConfigurationProvider ....................................................................................... 140
5.2.4 IConfigurationSource .......................................................................................... 142
5.2.5 IConfigurationBuilder ......................................................................................... 143
5.2.6 ConfigurationManager ........................................................................................ 143
5.3 配置绑定 ........................................................................................................................ 144
5.3.1 绑定配置项的值 ................................................................................................ 145
5.3.2 绑定复合对象 .................................................................................................... 147
5.3.3 绑定集合 ............................................................................................................ 149
5.3.4 绑定字典 ............................................................................................................ 151
5.4 配置的同步 .................................................................................................................... 152
5.4.1 配置数据流 ........................................................................................................ 152
5.4.2 ConfigurationReloadToken .................................................................................. 153
5.4.3 ConfigurationRoot .............................................................................................. 153
5.4.4 ConfigurationSection .......................................................................................... 156
5.5 多样性的配置源 ............................................................................................................. 157
5.5.1 MemoryConfigurationSource .............................................................................. 157
5.5.2 EnvironmentVariablesConfigurationSource ......................................................... 158
5.5.3 CommandLineConfigurationSource .................................................................... 160
5.5.4 FileConfigurationSource ..................................................................................... 163
5.5.5 StreamConfigurationSource ................................................................................ 173
5.5.6 ChainedConfigurationSource ............................................................................... 175
第 6 章 配置选项（下） ........................................................................................................... 177
6.1 Options 模式 ................................................................................................................... 177
6.1.1 将配置绑定为 Options 对象 ............................................................................... 177
6.1.2 提供具名的 Options ........................................................................................... 179
6.1.3 配置源的同步 .................................................................................................... 180
6.1.4 直接初始化 Options 对象 ................................................................................... 182
6.1.5 根据依赖服务的 Options 设置 ........................................................................... 184
6.1.6 验证 Options 的有效性 ...................................................................................... 186
6.2 Options 模型 ................................................................................................................... 187
6.2.1 OptionsManager ............................................................................... 187
6.2.2 IOptionsFactory ............................................................................... 189
6.2.3 IOptionsMonitorCache ..................................................................... 197
6.2.4 IOptionsMonitor ............................................................................... 198
6.3 依赖注入 ........................................................................................................................ 200
6.3.1 服务注册 ............................................................................................................ 200
6.3.2 IOptions与 IOptionsSnapshot ......................................... 206
6.3.3 集成配置系统 .................................................................................................... 208
第 7 章 诊断日志（上） ........................................................................................................... 210
7.1 各种诊断日志形式 ......................................................................................................... 210
7.1.1 调试日志 ............................................................................................................ 210
7.1.2 跟踪日志 ............................................................................................................ 211
7.1.3 事件日志 ............................................................................................................ 213
7.1.4 诊断日志 ............................................................................................................ 216
7.2 Debugger 调试日志 ........................................................................................................ 219
7.2.1 Debugger ............................................................................................................ 220
7.2.2 Debug ................................................................................................................. 221
7.3 TraceSource 跟踪日志 .................................................................................................... 222
7.3.1 跟踪日志模型三要素 ......................................................................................... 222
7.3.2 预定义 TraceListener .......................................................................................... 231
7.3.3 Trace .................................................................................................................. 235
7.4 EventSource 事件日志 .................................................................................................... 237
7.4.1 EventSource ....................................................................................................... 237
7.4.2 EventListener ...................................................................................................... 243
7.4.3 活动跟踪 ............................................................................................................ 247
7.5 DiagnosticSource 诊断日志 ............................................................................................ 251
7.5.1 标准的观察者模式 ............................................................................................ 251
7.5.2 AnonymousObserver .................................................................................... 253
7.5.3 强类型的日志事件订阅 ..................................................................................... 256
7.5.4 针对活动的跟踪 ................................................................................................ 258
第 8 章 诊断日志（中） ........................................................................................................... 260
8.1 统一日志编程模式 ......................................................................................................... 260
8.1.1 日志输出 ............................................................................................................ 260
8.1.2 日志过滤 ............................................................................................................ 265
8.1.3 日志范围 ............................................................................................................ 271
8.1.4 LoggerMessage ................................................................................................... 273
8.2 日志模型详解 ................................................................................................................ 274
8.2.1 日志模型三要素 ................................................................................................ 274
8.2.2 ILogger ............................................................................................................... 275
8.2.3 ILoggerProvider .................................................................................................. 277
8.2.4 ILoggerFactory ................................................................................................... 277
8.2.5 LoggerMessage ................................................................................................... 281
8.3 日志范围 ........................................................................................................................ 283
8.3.1 调用链跟踪 ........................................................................................................ 283
8.3.2 服务范围堆栈 .................................................................................................... 294
8.3.3 Activity 的应用 .................................................................................................. 296
8.4 依赖注入 ........................................................................................................................ 297
8.4.1 核心服务 ............................................................................................................ 298
8.4.2 配置 ................................................................................................................... 300
8.4.3 日志过滤规则 .................................................................................................... 303
第 9 章 诊断日志（下） ........................................................................................................... 306
9.1 控制台 ............................................................................................................................ 306
9.1.1 ConsoleFormatter ................................................................................................ 306
9.1.2 ConsoleLogger .................................................................................................... 313
9.1.3 ConsoleLoggerProvider ....................................................................................... 315
9.1.4 服务注册 ............................................................................................................ 316
9.2 调试器 ............................................................................................................................ 321
9.2.1 DebugLogger ...................................................................................................... 322
9.2.2 DebugLoggerProvider ......................................................................................... 323
9.3 TraceSource 日志 ............................................................................................................ 323
9.3.1 TraceSourceLogger ............................................................................................. 323
9.3.2 TraceSourceLoggerProvider ................................................................................ 325
9.4 EventSource 日志 ........................................................................................................... 327
9.4.1 LoggingEventSource ........................................................................................... 327
9.4.2 EventSourceLogger............................................................................................. 328
9.4.3 EventSourceLoggerProvider ............................................................................... 332
9.4.4 日志范围 ............................................................................................................ 334
第 10 章 对象池 ....................................................................................................... 338
10.1 利用对象池复用对象 ................................................................................................... 338
10.1.1 对象的“借”与“还” ................................................................................... 338
10.1.2 依赖注入 .......................................................................................................... 340
10.1.3 池化对象策略 .................................................................................................. 340
10.1.4 对象池的大小 .................................................................................................. 341
10.1.5 对象的释放 ...................................................................................................... 344
10.2 池化对象管理 .............................................................................................................. 345
10.2.1 IPooledObjectPolicy ................................................................................... 345
10.2.2 ObjectPool ................................................................................................. 346
10.2.3 ObjectPoolProvider ........................................................................................... 351
10.3 扩展应用 ...................................................................................................................... 352
10.3.1 池化集合 .......................................................................................................... 352
10.3.2 池化 StringBuilder ............................................................................................ 354
10.3.3 ArrayPool ................................................................................................... 356
10.3.4 MemoryPool .............................................................................................. 357
第 11 章 缓存 ............................................................................................................. 359
11.1 将数据缓存起来 ........................................................................................................... 359
11.1.1 将数据缓存在内存中 ....................................................................................... 359
11.1.2 将数据缓存在 Redis 中 .................................................................................... 360
11.1.3 将数据缓存在 SQL Server 中 ........................................................................... 363
11.2 本地内存缓存 ............................................................................................................... 365
11.2.1 ICacheEntry ...................................................................................................... 365
11.2.2 MemoryCacheEntryOptions .............................................................................. 368
11.2.3 IMemoryCache ................................................................................................. 369
11.3 分布式缓存 .................................................................................................................. 378
11.3.1 IDistributedCache ............................................................................................. 378
11.3.2 Redis 缓存 ........................................................................................................ 379
11.3.3 SQL Server 缓存 ............................................................................................... 382
第 12 章 HTTP 调用 ............................................................................................... 385
12.1 HttpClient 的工厂 ......................................................................................................... 385
12.1.1 手动创建 HttpClient ......................................................................................... 385
12.1.2 使用 IHttpClientFactory 工厂 ........................................................................... 387
12.1.3 直接注入 HttpClient ......................................................................................... 387
12.1.4 定制 HttpClient................................................................................................. 388
12.1.5 强类型客户端 .................................................................................................. 389
12.1.6 失败重试 .......................................................................................................... 390
12.2 HttpMessageHandler 管道 ............................................................................................. 391
12.2.1 HttpMessageHandler ......................................................................................... 391
12.2.2 DelegatingHandler ............................................................................................ 392
12.2.3 诊断日志 .......................................................................................................... 396
12.2.4 复用 HttpClientHandler .................................................................................... 398
12.3 HttpClient 的构建 ......................................................................................................... 400
12.3.1 HttpMessageHandlerBuilder ............................................................................. 400
12.3.2 HttpClientFactoryOptions ................................................................................. 401
12.3.3 IHttpMessageHandlerBuilderFilter .................................................................... 407
12.3.4 IHttpClientFactory ............................................................................................ 408
12.4 依赖注入 ...................................................................................................................... 418
12.4.1 基础服务注册 .................................................................................................. 418
12.4.2 定制 HttpClient................................................................................................. 420
12.4.3 强类型客户端 .................................................................................................. 424
第 13 章 数据保护 ............................................................................................ 430
13.1 加密与哈希 .................................................................................................................. 430
13.1.1 数据加密与解密............................................................................................... 430
13.1.2 设置加密内容的有效期 ................................................................................... 433
13.1.3 撤销密钥 .......................................................................................................... 434
13.1.4 “瞬时”加解密............................................................................................... 435
13.1.5 密码哈希 .......................................................................................................... 437
13.2 加密模型 ...................................................................................................................... 438
13.2.1 IAuthenticatedEncryptor ................................................................................... 438
13.2.2 IKey ................................................................................................................. 439
13.2.3 IKeyRing .......................................................................................................... 440
13.2.4 IKeyRingProvider ............................................................................................. 442
13.2.5 IDataProtector ................................................................................................... 443
13.3 密钥管理 ...................................................................................................................... 452
13.3.1 KeyManagementOptions ................................................................................... 452
13.3.2 Key ................................................................................................................... 457
13.3.3 IKeyManager .................................................................................................... 459
13.3.4 KeyRingProvider .............................................................................................. 465
13.4 依赖注入 ...................................................................................................................... 472
13.4.1 注册基础服务 .................................................................................................. 472
13.4.2 密钥管理配置 .................................................................................................. 477
13.4.3 扩展配置 .......................................................................................................... 478
附录 A ......................................................................................................................... 482
第 3 篇 承载系统
第 14 章 服务承载 .............................................................................................. 488
14.1 服务承载 ...................................................................................................................... 488
14.1.1 性能指标收集服务 ........................................................................................... 488
14.1.2 依赖注入 .......................................................................................................... 490
14.1.3 配置选项 .......................................................................................................... 493
14.1.4 承载环境 .......................................................................................................... 496
14.1.5 日志 ................................................................................................................. 498
14.2 服务承载模型 .............................................................................................................. 500
14.2.1 IHostedService .................................................................................................. 500
14.2.2 IHost ................................................................................................................ 501
14.2.3 IHostBuilder ..................................................................................................... 506
14.3 服务承载流程 .............................................................................................................. 511
14.3.1 服务宿主 .......................................................................................................... 512
14.3.2 服务承载设置 .................................................................................................. 516
14.3.3 创建宿主 .......................................................................................................... 521
14.3.4 静态类型 Host .................................................................................................. 527
第 15 章 应用承载（上） ......................................................................................................... 531
15.1 管道式的请求处理 ....................................................................................................... 531
15.1.1 承载方式的变迁 .............................................................................................. 531
15.1.2 中间件.............................................................................................................. 536
15.1.3 定义强类型中间件 ........................................................................................... 539
15.1.4 按照约定定义中间件 ....................................................................................... 540
15.2 依赖注入 ...................................................................................................................... 542
15.2.1 服务注册 .......................................................................................................... 542
15.2.2 服务注入 .......................................................................................................... 544
15.2.3 生命周期 .......................................................................................................... 546
15.3 配置 .............................................................................................................................. 551
15.3.1 初始化配置 ...................................................................................................... 551
15.3.2 以“键-值”对形式读取和修改配置 ............................................................... 552
15.3.3 注册配置源 ...................................................................................................... 553
15.4 承载环境 ...................................................................................................................... 554
15.4.1 IWebHostEnvironment ...................................................................................... 554
15.4.2 通过配置定制承载环境 ................................................................................... 556
15.4.3 设置监听地址 .................................................................................................. 559
15.4.4 针对环境的编程............................................................................................... 560
第 16 章 应用承载（中） ......................................................................................................... 564
16.1 中间件委托链 ............................................................................................................... 564
16.1.1 HttpContext ...................................................................................................... 564
16.1.2 中间件 .............................................................................................................. 565
16.1.3 中间件管道的构建 ........................................................................................... 566
16.2 服务器 .......................................................................................................................... 567
16.2.1 IServer .............................................................................................................. 568
16.2.2 针对服务器的适配 ........................................................................................... 568
16.2.3 HttpListenerServer ............................................................................................ 570
16.3 承载服务 ...................................................................................................................... 573
16.3.1 WebHostedService ............................................................................................ 573
16.3.2 WebHostBuilder ................................................................................................ 573
16.3.3 应用构建 .......................................................................................................... 575
第 17 章 应用承载（下） ......................................................................................................... 577
17.1 共享上下文对象 ........................................................................................................... 577
17.1.1 HttpContext ...................................................................................................... 577
17.1.2 服务器适配 ...................................................................................................... 580
17.1.3 获取上下文对象 .............................................................................................. 583
17.1.4 上下文对象的创建与释放 ............................................................................... 584
17.1.5 RequestServices ................................................................................................ 585
17.2 IServer + IHttpApplication ............................................................................................ 587
17.2.1 IServer .............................................................................................................. 588
17.2.2 HostingApplication ........................................................................................... 588
17.2.3 诊断日志 .......................................................................................................... 591
17.3 中间件委托链 .............................................................................................................. 596
17.3.1 IApplicationBuilder .......................................................................................... 596
17.3.2 弱类型中间件 .................................................................................................. 599
17.3.3 强类型中间件 .................................................................................................. 602
17.3.4 注册中间件 ...................................................................................................... 604
17.4 应用的承载 .................................................................................................................. 604
17.4.1 GenericWebHostServiceOptions ........................................................................ 604
17.4.2 GenericWebHostService .................................................................................... 607
17.4.3 GenericWebHostBuilder .................................................................................... 609
17.4.4 ConfigureWebHostDefaults ............................................................................... 617
17.5 Minimal API ................................................................................................................. 619
17.5.1 WebApplication ................................................................................................ 620
17.5.2 WebApplication 的创建 .................................................................................... 622
17.5.3 工厂方法 .......................................................................................................... 631
第 4 篇 服务器概述
第 18 章 服务器 ................................................................................................ 634
18.1 自定义服务器 .............................................................................................................. 634
18.1.1 IServer .............................................................................................................. 634
18.1.2 请求和响应特性 .............................................................................................. 637
18.1.3 StreamBodyFeature ........................................................................................... 638
18.1.4 HttpListenerServer ............................................................................................ 638
18.2 KestrelServer ................................................................................................................ 642
18.2.1 注册终节点 ...................................................................................................... 642
18.2.2 限制约束 .......................................................................................................... 652
18.2.3 其他设置 .......................................................................................................... 655
18.2.4 设计与实现 ...................................................................................................... 655
18.3 HTTP.SYS .................................................................................................................... 668
18.3.1 HTTP.SYS 简介 ................................................................................................ 668
18.3.2 UseHttpSys ....................................................................................................... 669
18.3.3 HttpSysOptions ................................................................................................. 669
18.4 IIS ................................................................................................................................. 672
18.4.1 ASP.NET Core Module ..................................................................................... 672
18.4.2 In-Process 部署模式 ......................................................................................... 672
18.4.3 Out-of-Process 部署模式 .................................................................................. 675
18.4.4 配置 ............................................................................................. 678
第 5 篇 中间件
第 19 章 静态文件 .................................................................................................. 682
19.1 搭建文件服务器 ........................................................................................................... 682
19.1.1 发布物理文件 .................................................................................................. 682
19.1.2 呈现目录结构 .................................................................................................. 684
19.1.3 显示默认页面 .................................................................................................. 685
19.1.4 映射媒体类型 .................................................................................................. 688
19.2 处理文件请求 ............................................................................................................... 690
19.2.1 条件请求 .......................................................................................................... 690
19.2.2 区间请求 .......................................................................................................... 694
19.2.3 StaticFileMiddleware ........................................................................................ 696
19.3 处理目录请求 ............................................................................................................... 700
19.3.1 DirectoryBrowserMiddleware ........................................................................... 700
19.3.2 DefaultFilesMiddleware .................................................................................... 704
第 20 章 路由 ........................................................................................................... 708
20.1 路由映射 ...................................................................................................................... 708
20.1.1 注册终节点 ...................................................................................................... 708
20.1.2 设置内联约束 .................................................................................................. 711
20.1.3 可缺省路由参数............................................................................................... 712
20.1.4 特殊的路由参数............................................................................................... 713
20.1.5 主机名绑定 ...................................................................................................... 715
20.1.6 更加自由的定义方式 ....................................................................................... 716
20.2 路由分发 ...................................................................................................................... 717
20.2.1 路由模式 .......................................................................................................... 717
20.2.2 路由终节点 ...................................................................................................... 722
20.2.3 中间件.............................................................................................................. 730
20.2.4 处理器适配 ...................................................................................................... 737
20.2.5 Minimal API ..................................................................................................... 746
20.3 路由约束 ...................................................................................................................... 748
20.3.1 预定义的 IRouteConstraint ............................................................................... 749
20.3.2 IInlineConstraintResolver .................................................................................. 750
20.3.3 自定义约束 ...................................................................................................... 750
第 21 章 异常处理 ...................................................................................................... 753
21.1 呈现错误信息 .............................................................................................................. 753
21.1.1 开发者异常页面 .............................................................................................. 753
21.1.2 定制异常页面 .................................................................................................. 756
21.1.3 针对响应状态码定制错误页面 ........................................................................ 757
21.2 开发者异常页面 ........................................................................................................... 759
21.2.1 IDeveloperPageExceptionFilter ......................................................................... 759
21.2.2 显示编译异常信息 ........................................................................................... 760
21.2.3 DeveloperExceptionPageMiddleware ................................................................ 764
21.3 异常处理器 .................................................................................................................. 766
21.3.1 ExceptionHandlerMiddleware ........................................................................... 766
21.3.2 IExceptionHandlerPathFeature 特性 ................................................................. 768
21.3.3 清除缓存 .......................................................................................................... 771
21.3.4 404 响应 ........................................................................................................... 772
21.4 响应状态码页面 ........................................................................................................... 774
21.4.1 StatusCodePagesMiddleware............................................................................. 774
21.4.2 阻止处理异常 .................................................................................................. 775
21.4.3 注册中间件 ...................................................................................................... 777
第 22 章 响应缓存 ............................................................................................................ 783
22.1 缓存响应内容 .............................................................................................................. 783
22.1.1 基于路径的响应缓存 ....................................................................................... 783
22.1.2 引入其他缓存维度 ........................................................................................... 785
22.1.3 缓存屏蔽 .......................................................................................................... 790
22.2 HTTP-Cache ................................................................................................................. 791
22.2.1 私有缓存和共享缓存 ....................................................................................... 792
22.2.2 响应的提取 ...................................................................................................... 792
22.2.3 新鲜度检验 ...................................................................................................... 793
22.2.4 显式缓存控制 .................................................................................................. 794
22.3 中间件 .......................................................................................................................... 795
22.3.1 缓存上下文对象............................................................................................... 795
22.3.2 缓存策略 .......................................................................................................... 796
22.3.3 缓存键 .............................................................................................................. 797
22.3.4 缓存的读/写 ..................................................................................................... 798
22.3.5 ResponseCachingMiddleware ............................................................................ 799
22.3.6 注册中间件 ...................................................................................................... 801
第 23 章 会话 ...................................................................................................... 803
23.1 利用会话保留“语境” ............................................................................................... 803
23.1.1 设置和提取会话状态 ....................................................................................... 803
23.1.2 查看存储的会话状态 ....................................................................................... 805
23.1.3 查看 Cookie ...................................................................................................... 807
23.2 会话状态的读/写 .......................................................................................................... 807
23.2.1 ISession ............................................................................................................ 808
23.2.2 DistributedSession ............................................................................................ 809
23.2.3 ISessionStore .................................................................................................... 810
23.3 会话中间件 .................................................................................................................. 811
23.3.1 SessionOptions ................................................................................................. 811
23.3.2 ISessionFeature ................................................................................................. 812
23.3.3 SessionMiddleware ........................................................................................... 812
第 24 章 HTTPS 策略 ........................................................................................... 815
24.1 HTTPS 终节点的切换 .................................................................................................. 815
24.1.1 构建 HTTPS 站点 ............................................................................................ 815
24.1.2 HTTPS 重定向 ................................................................................................. 818
24.1.3 浏览器自动重定向 ........................................................................................... 819
24.1.4 HSTS 选项配置 ................................................................................................ 821
24.2 HTTPS 重定向 ............................................................................................................. 823
24.2.1 HttpsRedirectionOptions ................................................................................... 823
24.2.2 HttpsRedirectionMiddleware 中间件 ................................................................ 824
24.2.3 中间件注册 ...................................................................................................... 826
24.3 HSTS ............................................................................................................................ 827
24.3.1 HstsOptions ...................................................................................................... 827
24.3.2 HstsMiddleware 中间件 .................................................................................... 828
24.3.3 中间件注册 ...................................................................................................... 829
第 25 章 重定向 ................................................................................................... 830
25.1 基于规则的重定向 ....................................................................................................... 830
25.1.1 客户端重定向 .................................................................................................. 830
25.1.2 服务端重定向 .................................................................................................. 831
25.1.3 IIS 重写规则 .................................................................................................... 832
25.1.4 Apache 重写规则 ............................................................................................ 834
25.1.5 HTTPS 重定向 ................................................................................................. 836
25.2 重定向中间件 .............................................................................................................. 838
25.2.1 重定向规则 ...................................................................................................... 838
25.2.2 RewriteMiddleware ........................................................................................... 839
25.3 预定义规则 .................................................................................................................. 841
25.3.1 “万能”规则 .................................................................................................. 841
25.3.2 客户端重定向 .................................................................................................. 842
25.3.3 服务端重定向 .................................................................................................. 843
25.3.4 WWW 重定向 .................................................................................................. 843
25.3.5 HTTPS 重定向 ................................................................................................. 845
25.3.6 IIS 重写规则 .................................................................................................... 846
25.3.7 Apache 重写规则 ............................................................................................. 848
第 26 章 限流............................................................................................................. 850
26.1 控制并发量 .................................................................................................................. 850
26.1.1 设置并发和等待请求阈值 ............................................................................... 850
26.1.2 初识基于队列的处理策略 ............................................................................... 853
26.1.3 初识基于栈的处理策略 ................................................................................... 855
26.2 并发限制中间件 ........................................................................................................... 856
26.2.1 等待队列策略 .................................................................................................. 856
26.2.2 ConcurrencyLimiterMiddleware ........................................................................ 856
26.2.3 处理拒绝请求 .................................................................................................. 858
26.3 等待队列策略 ............................................................................................................... 859
26.3.1 基于队列的处理策略 ....................................................................................... 859
26.3.2 基于栈的处理策略 ........................................................................................... 861
第 27 章 认证 ............................................................................................................. 867
27.1 认证、登录与注销 ....................................................................................................... 867
27.1.1 认证票据 .......................................................................................................... 867
27.1.2 基于 Cookie 的认证 ......................................................................................... 868
27.1.3 强制认证 .......................................................................................................... 871
27.1.4 登录与注销 ...................................................................................................... 871
27.2 身份与用户 .................................................................................................................. 872
27.2.1 IIdentity ............................................................................................................ 872
27.2.2 IPrincipal .......................................................................................................... 877
27.3 认证模型 ...................................................................................................................... 880
27.3.1 认证票据详细介绍 ........................................................................................... 880
27.3.2 认证处理器 ...................................................................................................... 883
27.3.3 认证服务 .......................................................................................................... 889
27.3.4 服务注册 .......................................................................................................... 893
27.3.5 AuthenticationMiddleware ................................................................................ 896
27.4 Cookie 认证方案 .......................................................................................................... 898
27.4.1 AuthenticationHandler .................................................................... 898
27.4.2 CookieAuthenticationHandler ........................................................................... 903
27.4.3 注册 CookieAuthenticationHandler ................................................................... 912
第 28 章 授权 ................................................................................................... 915
28.1 基于“角色”的授权 ................................................................................................... 915
28.1.1 基于“要求”的授权 ....................................................................................... 915
28.1.2 预定义授权策略............................................................................................... 919
28.1.3 基于终节点的自动化授权 ............................................................................... 921
28.2 基于“要求”的授权 ................................................................................................... 922
28.2.1 IAuthorizationHandler ...................................................................................... 922
28.2.2 预定义授权处理器 ........................................................................................... 924
28.2.3 授权检验 .......................................................................................................... 928
28.3 基于“策略”的授权 ................................................................................................... 933
28.3.1 授权策略的构建 .............................................................................................. 934
28.3.2 授权策略的注册 .............................................................................................. 935
28.3.3 授权检验 .......................................................................................................... 936
28.4 授权与路由 .................................................................................................................. 937
28.4.1 IAuthorizeData ................................................................................................. 937
28.4.2 IAllowAnonymous ............................................................................................ 939
28.4.3 IPolicyEvaluator ............................................................................................... 940
28.4.4 IAuthorizationMiddlewareResultHandler .......................................................... 943
28.4.5 AuthorizationMiddleware .................................................................................. 944
第 29 章 跨域资源共享 ........................................................................................ 947
29.1 处理跨域资源 .............................................................................................................. 947
29.1.1 跨域调用 API ................................................................................................... 947
29.1.2 提供者显式授权 .............................................................................................. 950
29.1.3 基于策略的资源授权 ....................................................................................... 951
29.1.4 将 CORS 策略应用到路由上 ........................................................................... 952
29.2 CORS 规范 ................................................................................................................... 953
29.2.1 同源策略 .......................................................................................................... 953
29.2.2 针对资源的授权 .............................................................................................. 954
29.2.3 获取授权的方式 .............................................................................................. 955
29.2.4 用户凭证 .......................................................................................................... 958
29.3 CORS 中间件 ............................................................................................................... 958
29.3.1 CORS 策略 ...................................................................................................... 958
29.3.2 CORS 与路由 ................................................................................................... 961
29.3.3 CORS 授权 ...................................................................................................... 962
29.3.4 CorsMiddleware ............................................................................................... 964
第 30 章 健康检查 ................................................................................................. 968
30.1 检查应用的健康状况 ................................................................................................... 968
30.1.1 确定当前应用是否可用 ................................................................................... 968
30.1.2 定制健康检查逻辑 ........................................................................................... 969
30.1.3 改变响应状态码............................................................................................... 970
30.1.4 细粒度的健康检查 ........................................................................................... 972
30.1.5 定制响应内容 .................................................................................................. 973
30.1.6 过滤 IHealthCheck 对象 ................................................................................... 975
30.2 设计与实现 .................................................................................................................. 975
30.2.1 IHealthCheck .................................................................................................... 976
30.2.2 HealthCheckService .......................................................................................... 981
30.2.3 HealthCheckMiddleware ................................................................................... 984
30.3 发布健康报告 ............................................................................................................... 989
30.3.1 定期发布健康报告 ........................................................................................... 989
30.3.2 IHealthCheckPublisher ...................................................................................... 990
30.3.3 HealthCheckPublisherHostedService ................................................................. 991

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